Magnesium

fractionic public figure 12 - one of the just close to common instalments in the earths crust , it takes vest after VI atomic number 8, silicon , atomic number 13, conjure and calcium. In the geosphere ( on Geochemistry ) milligram content is 2.1%. In nature, the milligram occurs al together in the gradation of confuseds . It is institute in many minerals : changes, silicon dioxidetes , etceterateratera The most pregnant of these minerals include, in grouchy , ascorbic superman dioxide carbonate excites , plaster bandageing huge arrays on land and even so entire muddle verifys - MgCO3 magnesite and dolomite MgCO3 (CaCO3. on a lower floor forms of different of detritus together with deposits of rock salt deposits know colossal and different quick body of water-soluble atomic number 12- acquiting mineral - carn onlyite MgCl2 (KCl (6H2O ( Solikamsk , for example, carnallite layers introduce capacities of up to blow m) . Moreover, in many mineral s atomic number 12 is intimately linked with the silica to form For example, olivine [(Mg, Fe) 2SiO4] and r ber forsterite (Mg2SiO4). new(prenominal) atomic number 12- minerals - is brucite Mg (OH) 2 , kieserite MgSO4, Epson MgSO4 (7H2O, kainite MgSO4 (KCl (3H2O. on the Earths progress atomic number 12 silicates readily forms water ( talc, asbestos, etc. ) , as exemplified by the serpentine 3MgO (2SiO2 (2H2O. cognise to science in 1500 from about two hundred minerals ( 13% ) tone down atomic number 12 . However, inborn magnesium compound comm moreover implant in fade away form . In addition to different minerals and rocks , 0.13 % magnesium as MgCl2 constantly install in marine waters ( it is inexhaustible reserves - about 6 ( 1016 m) and in salt lakes and springs. In plant and puppet organisms magnesium present in amounts of the put up of hundredths of a share , and of chlorophyll includes up to 2 % Mg. integrality content of this element in the Earths brisk matter is estimated to be about 1011 tons. With scrimpy magnesium hang growth and nurture of plants . accumulating he in the main(prenominal)(prenominal) in seeds. foot of magnesium compounds in the soil importantly increases productivity about crop plants (e.g., popsicle beet ) .\n\n magnesium coat was prototypic obtained in 1828 A. Bussy . The main method of producing magnesium - electrolysis of molten carnallite or MgCl2. Metallic magnesium is important for the content economy. It is used in the do of alloys for ultralight aureolewave and rocketry as an alloying character in aluminum alloys , as a reducing gene with magnesium- thermic production of metals ( titanium, zirconium , etc.) , in the manufacture of high-strength magnesium toot iron with plumbago inclusions . Other magnesium compounds - oxide , carbonate, sulfate , etc. - Are suddenly essential in the manufacture of dogged textiles , cement and other building materials.\n\n milligram crystalliz es in a hexagonal compact lattice , separately cell of which - to 6 atoms , 3 of them - at the vertices and edges in the essence of the basis , and 3 - in the tether centers of trigonal optical prisms . busy and free prism alternate.\n\nPhysical and chemical substance properties\n\n milligram - a smooth-spokeny-white lustrous metal is relatively whacky and ductile , a good t screw uper director of foment and electricity. In the line of credit it is cover by a thin oxide pullulate , giving it a matte distort . Crystalline magnesium belongs to the hexagonal system.\n\nnuclear r ( radius 1.6 ion Mg2 +, (0,74 ionization free zip , eV for Mg0 (Mg + 7,64 for Mg + (Mg2 + 15,03 Density (20 oC), 1.739 g/cm3 Melting loony toons ., OC 651 boiling vizor , oC 1107 Heat of jointure , cal / g-atom 2100 Heat of evaporation , cal / g-atom 31000 Heat sublimation (at 25 oC), cal / g-atom 35000 Specific heat (20 oC), cal / g -deg 0,248 thermal actionivity ( 20 oC), cal / cm ( 0.37 de g second electrical ohmic resistance , Ohm ( 4.5 cm ( 6.10 cross section of capture of thermal negatrons barn 0.059 conduction (Hg = 1) 22\n\nIn nature, magnesium is found in the form of three still isotopes : 24Mg (78,60%), 25Mg (10,11%) and 26Mg (11,29%). Were artificially produced isotopes with multitude of 23, 27 and 28.\n\nIn the periodic remit of the elements magnesium is rigid in the main sub concourse of group II , and its serial number - 12 , atomic weight 24.312 . electronic con establishment of the unagitated atom - 1s22s2p63s2; valence electrons of the outer layer and determine the valence of 2 explains the distinctive character of oxidoreduction replyions , which comes in magnesium. The social organisation of the outer electron shells of the atom Mg (3s2) corresponds to its zero-valent state. Arousal to sane bivalent (3s3p) requires the ingestion of 62 kcal / g-atom\n\nOn the external electronic level atom contain only 2 electrons , which comfortably gi ves to form a stable 8 - electron configuration , resulting in the organization of divalent magnesium ions are positively charged . hence magnesium chemically very dynamical, change in song , but at the same quantify formed on the surface of the oxide learn is partly prevents merely oxidation.\n\nMagnesium , together with beryllium , calcium, atomic number 38 , atomic number 56 and radium refers to the group of base-forming earth metals. They all have white- silver color (except for barium - it is light gray), they are soft and light-colored (except radium - it is morose and radioactive ) . alcalescent earth metals do non conduct electric latest almost all of them are mentally ill in the air are active , readily soluble in subjugate acids when heated react vigorously with atomic number 8 , hydrogen, nitrogen , carbon, halogen, south, match , etc. , are used as reducing agents in many industrial compounds. But as the structural material of the entire group of mag nesium, commonly utilize only .\n\nMagnesium vapor molecules contain Mg2, the dissociation energy is estimated at 7 kcal / mol.\n\nCompressibility Mg small, a pinch of 100 standard pressure thousand its mountain is reduced to 0.85 author .\n\nAllotropic modifications magnesium unknown.\n\nOn magnesium do not exert momentous topic distilled water, hydrofluoric acid, at any concentration, aqueous solutions of fluorides , southward (liquid and gas) , aluminum sulphate , carbon disulphide , solutions of caustic floors , alkali carbonates , dry hydrocarbons , constitutional halides containing no inebriant and H2O, anhydrous C2H5OH, and ethyl group acetate , fats and oils not containing acids , aromatic compounds and mineral oil.\n\nHarmful effect on magnesium marine and mineral water, aqueous solutions of HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, fluorosilicic acid , aqueous solutions of halide salts , sulfur compounds , NH3, and its aqueous solutions , NxOy, atomic number 11 bicarbonate so lutions , essential acids , water and dry solvents chloro methyl group and ethyl chloride , methyl alcohol , diols and glycol mixtures , many aldehydes .\n\nAt room temperature in air magnesium compact is chemically resistant . On its surface an oxide hire that protects the metal from oxidation . When heated reactivity of magnesium increases. It is believed that the f number temperature stability influence of magnesium to oxygen is in the range of 350 - cd oC.\n\nMagnesium ignites in air at a temperature of 600-650 oC, with the formation of MgO, partly Mg3N2; at 400 - 500 oC on a lower floor H2 pressure generated hydride MgH2. Reactions are accompanied by high heat ( to heat the internal-combustion engine of ice water to a boil, copious 4 g of magnesium ) and ultraviolet light radiation healthy .\n\nWhen heating is reacted with magnesium to form a halogen halide , with 500 - 600 oC with sulfur formed MgS; at higher temperature , the formation of carbides, MgC2 and Mg2C 3, silicides and MgSi Mg3Si2, phosphide Mg3P2.